Air pollution is a major issue since it directly causes public health problems as well as indirect social and economic consequences. The objective of this doctoral dissertation is to study the spatio-temporal evolution of the quality of air pollution in the greater Athens area. Using the World Health Organization's AirQ + software, an attempt will be made to assess the effects of short-term changes in air pollution on public health and consequently health problems due to long-term exposure to air pollution. Furthermore, the variation of consequences on public health will be explored if atmosphere pollution levels change in the future. Based on the results that will be deduced, an assessment on the social and economic effects of air pollution in the greater Athens area will be conducted.